Phi Beta Kappa

Phi Beta Kappa ass eng US-amerikanesch akadeemesch Vereenegung, déi am Joer 1776 am College of William and Mary zu Williamsburg a Virginia gegrënnt gouf. Si gëllt als déi eelst a renoméierst Honor Society resp. Studentevereenegung an den USA. D'Opnam gëtt vun der Phi-Beta-Kappa-Gesellschaft vun der jeeweileger Héichschoul gereegelt. An der Reegel ginn net méi wéi 10 Prozent vun de College-Studenten (virun der Graduéierung, als „Undergraduates“) opgeholl. Dem betreffende Student gëtt eng Memberschaft ugebueden, déi hien akzeptéiere kann oder och net. An de vergaangene Joren (2006), huet nëmmen nach een Drëttel vun den Chapters d'Memberschaft ugeholl. No der Graduéierung steet et de Membere fräi, enger lokaler Phi-Beta-Kappa-Gesellschaft bäizetrieden. Phi Beta Kappa huet am Moment^[Wéini ?] eng 500.000 Memberen.

Phi-Beta-Kappa-Schlëssel

Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ) steet fir déi griichesch Wierder Φιλοσοφια Βιου Κυβερνητης (Philosophia biu kybernetes -- „Léift vun der Wäisheet, Läitlinn vum Liewen“.

Symbol ass e gëllene Schlëssel, op deem vir dräi Stären (si sti fir Frëndschaft, Moral, Léieren), eng Hand an d'Initiale ΦΒΚ stinn, op der Récksäit een SP (fir Societas philosophiae).

D'Gesellschaft gëtt véiermol am Joer d'Zäitschrëft The American Scholar mat meeschtens geeschteswëssenschaftlechen Artikelen eraus.

All Joer iwwerreecht d'Phi Beta Kappa de Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Präis fir groussaarteg sozial- oder geeschteswëssenschaftlech Fachbuch-Publikatiounen.

Berüümt Memberen (chronologesch)

Studenten

Bushrod Washington—William & Mary, 1778 John Marshall—William & Mary, 1780 James Kent—Yale, 1781 John Quincy Adams—Harvard, 1787 Eli Whitney—Yale, 1792 Joseph Story—Harvard, 1798 Daniel Webster—Dartmouth, 1801 John C. Calhoun—Yale, 1804 Samuel Morse—Yale, 1810 Rufus Choate—Dartmouth, 1819 Nathaniel Hawthorne—Bowdoin, 1824 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow—Bowdoin, 1825 Chester A. Arthur—Union, 1848 Oliver Wendell Holmes—Harvard, 1861 Robert Peary—Bowdoin, 1877 William Howard Taft—Yale, 1878 John Dewey—Vermont, 1879 Theodore Roosevelt—Harvard, 1880 Charles Evans Hughes—Brown, 1881 Charles McLean Andrews—Hartford 1884 George Santayana—Harvard, 1886 Bernard Baruch—CUNY, 1889 W. E. B. Du Bois—Fisk, 1890 Bainbridge Colby—Williams, 1890 Learned Hand—Harvard, 1893 Alexander Meiklejohn—Brown, 1893 Harlan Fiske Stone—Amherst, 1894 Owen Roberts—Pennsylvania, 1895 Felix Frankfurter—CUNY, 1902 Elihu Root—Hamilton, 1903 John Foster Dulles—Princeton, 1908 Owen Brewster—Bowdoin, 1909 Harold Hitz Burton—Bowdoin, 1909 Walter Lippmann—Harvard, 1909 Paul Howard Douglas—Bowdoin, 1913 Pearl Buck—Randoph-Macon, 1914 James Bryant Conant—Harvard, 1914 Dean Acheson—Yale, 1915 Archibald MacLeish—Yale, 1915 Charles Hamilton Houston—Amherst, 1915 Alfred Kinsey—Bowdoin, 1916 Paul Robeson—Rutgers, 1919 William O. Douglas—Whitman, 1920 Herbert Brownell, Jr.—Nebraska, 1924 Countee Cullen—N.Y. University, zirka 1926 Alger Hiss—Johns Hopkins, 1926 Harry Blackmun—Harvard, 1929

Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.—Washington & Lee, 1929 Nelson A. Rockefeller—Dartmouth, 1930 Clement Greenberg—New York, 1930 Jonas Salk—CCNY, 1930 Carl Albert—Oklahoma, 1931 Dean Rusk—Davidson, 1931 Daniel Boorstin—Harvard, 1934 Richard Helms—Williams, 1935 Ed Muskie—Bates, 1936 Robert McNamara—Berkeley, 1937 Potter Stewart—Yale, 1937 Byron White—Colorado, 1937 Caspar Weinberger—Harvard, 1938 Ella T. Grasso—Mt. Holyoke, 1940 John Paul Stevens—Chicago, 1941 Betty Friedan—Smith, 1942 Phyllis Schlafly—Washington U., 1943 Peter Gay—Denver, 1946 Tom Lehrer—Harvard, 1946 Frank Church—Stanford, 1947 Robert Bork—Chicago, 1948 George H. W. Bush—Yale, 1948 William Rehnquist—Stanford, 1948 Brock Adams—Washington, 1949 Edward O. Wilson—Alabama, 1949 Henry Kissinger—Harvard, 1950 Pat Robertson—Washington & Lee, 1950 Susan Sontag—Chicago, 1951 Stephen Sondheim—Williams, 1952 John Shelby Spong—North Carolina, 1952 Thomas R. Pickering—Bowdoin, 1953 Ruth Bader Ginsburg—Cornell, 1954 Dick Lugar—Denison, 1954 Victor Navasky—Swarthmore, 1954 John Updike—Harvard, 1954 Ralph Nader—Princeton, 1955 Gloria Steinem—Smith, 1956 Elizabeth Dole—Duke, 1958 Anthony Kennedy—Stanford, 1958 Kris Kristofferson—Pomona, 1958 Stephen Breyer—Stanford, 1959 Francis Ford Coppola—Hofstra, 1959 Bob Graham—Florida, 1959 Robert Nozick—Columbia, 1959 Richard Posner—Yale, 1959 Robert E. Rubin—Harvard, 1960 Fay Vincent—Williams, 1960

Pat Schroeder—Minnesota, 1961 David Souter—Harvard, 1961 Lamar Alexander—Vanderbilt, 1962 Tom Brokaw—South Dakota, 1962 Lynne Cheney—Colorado C., 1962 Richard Epstein—Columbia, 1963 David Satcher—Morehouse, 1963 James Woolsey—Stanford, 1963 David R. Knechtges—Washington, 1964 Michael Crichton—Harvard, 1964 Joseph Lieberman—Yale, 1964 Angela Davis—Brandeis, 1965 Paul Wellstone—North Carolina, 1965 William Weld—Harvard, 1966 Bill Clinton—Georgetown, 1968 Laurie Anderson—Barnard 1969 Hillary Clinton—Wellesley, 1969 Jon Corzine—Illinois, 1969 Frank Easterbrook—Swarthmore, 1970 David M. Rubenstein—Duke, 1970 Louis Freeh—Rutgers, 1971 Nadine Strossen—Radcliffe, 1972 Benazir Bhutto—Radcliffe, 1973 Jeb Bush—Texas, 1973 Elijah Cummings—Howard, 1973 E.J. Dionne—Harvard, 1973 Condoleezza Rice—Denver, 1974 Susan Collins—St. Lawrence, 1975 Gale A. Norton—Denver, 1975 Lawrence B. Lindsey—Bowdoin, 1976 Jennifer Granholm—Berkeley, 1980 Nicholas D. Kristof—Harvard, 1981 George Stephanopoulos—Columbia, 1982 Miguel Estrada—Columbia, 1983 Dinesh D'Souza—Dartmouth, 1983 Daniel Pearl—Stanford, 1985 Jeff Bezos—Princeton, 1986 Paul Clement—Georgetown, 1988 Ashley Judd—Kentucky, 1990 Anne Dias-Griffin—Georgetown, 1993 Stephanie Herseth—Georgetown, 1993 Tristan Taormino—Wesleyan, 1993 Jori Chisholm—Puget Sound, 1997 Peyton Manning—Tennessee, 1997 Hank Paulson Paul Adelstein

Éierememberen

Martin Van Buren Franklin Pierce Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Grover Cleveland Alexander Graham Bell

Mark Twain Woodrow Wilson Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower

Jimmy Carter Isaac Asimov Leonard Bernstein Ralph Waldo Emerson Robert Frost Helen Keller

Washington Irving Victor Lange Carl Sandburg William T. Sherman Booker T. Washington Henry Adams

Henry James Murray Gell-Mann Louis Brandeis John D. Rockefeller Wolfgang Leonhard

Literatur

• Richard N. Current: Phi Beta Kappa in American life. The first 200 years. OUP, New York 1990, ISBN 0-19-506311-2

Um Spaweck

• www.theamericanscholar.org Offiziell Websäit